ZCash research expert c-node posted that MPC, tFHE, and TEEs can build privacy applications that cannot be achieved using ZK, but the privacy strength is weak. It is recommended to use pure ZK first for applications such as payment, transfer, and voting.
Vitalik Buterin replied that ZK itself cannot provide anti-coercion, and in scenarios such as voting, it still needs to be combined with trusted parties, MPC, FHE or TEE to achieve this feature. We can improve system security through superimposed architectures such as ZK + FHE, and even if FHE is breached, all privacy properties except anti-coercion can still be retained. I suspect a similar situation applies to almost every other encryption application scenario except zero-knowledge proofs.
Vitalik: ZK cannot provide anti-stress, it needs to be used in combination with FHE, etc
2025-11-11 02:41:15
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